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<title>Operation Backfire (FBI)</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Operation Backfire (FBI)</span></span>

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</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Operation Backfire</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of The <a href="Green_Scare" title="Green Scare">Green Scare</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>Around 2004–2006</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (especially in <a href="Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;">

<span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="United_States" title="United States">United States</a><br>* <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span><a href="FBI" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI">FBI</a><br>* <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Bureau_of_Alcohol%2C_Tobacco%2C_Firearms_and_Explosives" title="Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives">ATF</a><br>* <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Oregon_State_Police" title="Oregon State Police">Oregon State Police</a> (OSP)</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em">

<a href="Animal_Liberation_Front" title="Animal Liberation Front">Animal Liberation Front</a><br><a href="Earth_Liberation_Front" title="Earth Liberation Front">Earth Liberation Front</a><br> Other environmental cells and individuals</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;">

Unknown</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em">

~20 militants (<a href="Earth_Liberation_Front" title="Earth Liberation Front">The Family</a>)<br>A large number of cells</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="width:100%">

None</td></tr></tbody></table>

<p><b>Operation Backfire</b> is a multi-agency criminal investigation, led by the <a href="Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a> (FBI), into destructive acts in the name of <a href="Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">animal rights</a> and <a href="Environmental_movement" title="Environmental movement">environmental causes</a> in the United States described as <a href="Eco-terrorism" title="Eco-terrorism">eco-terrorism</a> by the FBI.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The operation resulted in convictions and imprisonment of a number of people, many of whom were members of the <a href="Animal_Liberation_Front" title="Animal Liberation Front">Animal Liberation Front</a> and <a href="Earth_Liberation_Front" title="Earth Liberation Front">Earth Liberation Front</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div>

<p>In 2004 the FBI merged seven independent investigations from its <a href="Portland%2C_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland, Oregon</a> field office and called them Operation Backfire. According to an agency statement, the operational focus is on investigating acts of <a href="Domestic_terrorism" title="Domestic terrorism">domestic terrorism</a>, carried out on behalf of two activist groups, the <a href="Earth_Liberation_Front" title="Earth Liberation Front">Earth Liberation Front</a> (ELF) and <a href="Animal_Liberation_Front" title="Animal Liberation Front">Animal Liberation Front</a> (ALF).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arrests">Arrests</h2></div>

<p>In December 2005 and January 2006, with assistance from the <a href="Bureau_of_Alcohol%2C_Tobacco%2C_Firearms_and_Explosives" title="Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives">Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives</a> (ATF), the FBI <a href="Indicted" class="mw-redirect" title="Indicted">indicted</a> six women and seven men on a total of 65 charges, including <a href="Arson" title="Arson">arson</a>, <a href="Conspiracy_(law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy (law)">conspiracy</a>, use of destructive devices, and destruction of an energy facility. The defendants were named as Joseph Mahmoud Dibee, Chelsea Dawn Gerlach, Sarah Kendall Harvey (née Kendall Tankersley), <a href="Daniel_G._McGowan" title="Daniel G. McGowan">Daniel McGowan</a>, Stanislas Meyerhoff, Josephine Sunshine Overaker, Jonathan Paul, Rebecca Jeanette Rubin, Suzanne Savoie, Justin Franchi Solondz, <a href="Darren_Thurston" title="Darren Thurston">Darren Thurston</a>, Kevin Tubbs, and Briana Waters.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of other unindicted co-conspirators were also named. A 13th alleged co-conspirator, <a href="William_C._Rodgers" title="William C. Rodgers">William "Bill" Rodgers</a>, also known as Avalon, committed <a href="Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a> while in police custody.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>According to reports,<sup id="cite_ref-IM-20060124_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IM-20060124-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and their own websites,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> most of the indicted individuals initially claimed to be innocent of the charges.

Prosecutors alleged that the 11 conspirators collectively referred to themselves as "The Family" and had taken an <a href="Oath" title="Oath">oath</a> to protect each other.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The FBI indicated that some of the charges relate to a 1998 arson attack, claimed by the ELF, on the <a href="Vail_Ski_Resort" title="Vail Ski Resort">Vail Ski Resort</a> in Colorado. Other charges were related to another attack on the botany labs at the <a href="University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington">University of Washington</a> in 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-ST1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ST1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The combined cost of the damage from the attacks is estimated at approaching $80 million.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Convictions_and_abscondings">Convictions and abscondings</h2></div>

<p>In late 2006, a number of self-described ELF members pleaded guilty to arson and other charges in U.S. federal courts.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>On November 11, 2006, Joyanna Zacher, Nathan Block, Daniel McGowan and Jonathan Paul pleaded guilty to several eco-sabotage related charges, as part of a global resolution agreement with prosecutors. <a href="Ann_Aiken" title="Ann Aiken">Judge Ann Aiken</a> presided over the hearings. The change of pleas from the four defendants resolves all current "Operation Backfire" cases in Oregon.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>On December 15, 2006, Chelsea Dawn Gerlach and Stanislas Gregory Meyerhoff, pleaded guilty to $20 million worth of arsons committed between 1996 and 2001 by the <a href="Eugene%2C_Oregon" title="Eugene, Oregon">Eugene</a>-based cell of the ELF known as "The Family". Their <a href="Firebombing" title="Firebombing">fire-bombing</a> of a Vail ski resort resulted in damages totaling $12 million, with the FBI characterizing the ELF as the United States' "top <a href="Domestic_terrorism_in_the_United_States" title="Domestic terrorism in the United States">domestic terrorism</a> threat". Gerlach has previously pleaded guilty to 18 counts of arson in other attacks, saying she was motivated by "a deep sense of despair and anger at the deteriorating state of the global environment," but adding that she has "since realized the firebombings did more harm than good." Meyerhoff has renounced ELF and pleaded guilty to 54 counts, but is still under indictment in <a href="Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>, <a href="Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>, <a href="Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>, <a href="Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a> and <a href="California" title="California">California</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>On March 6, 2008, Briana Waters, who was arrested in Operation Backfire for another ELF attack in Washington State, was found guilty of two counts of arson<sup id="cite_ref-ST1_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ST1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and sentenced later that year to six years in prison.<sup id="cite_ref-ST2_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ST2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The FBI alleged that the group was led by <a href="William_C._Rodgers" title="William C. Rodgers">William C. Rodgers</a>, who was arrested in December 2005 and committed suicide in jail just before he was to be transferred to Oregon. Josephine Sunshine Overaker has not been apprehended;<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> she is believed to be in <a href="Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Justin Franchi Solondz was arrested in <a href="Dali_City%2C_Yunnan" class="mw-redirect" title="Dali City, Yunnan">Dali</a>, <a href="China" title="China">China</a> in March 2009 on charges of growing <a href="Marijuana" class="mw-redirect" title="Marijuana">marijuana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes-2009-11_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes-2009-11-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He pleaded guilty to manufacturing drugs in a daylong trial and was sentenced to three years in prison by a local court.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes-2009-11_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes-2009-11-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was <a href="Deported" class="mw-redirect" title="Deported">deported</a> back to the U.S. to face charges there after serving his sentence.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On December 20, 2011, Solondz pleaded guilty.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On March 16, 2012, Solondz was sentenced to seven years in prison.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Rebecca Jeanette Rubin surrendered to FBI agents at the Canada–US border in <a href="Blaine%2C_Washington" title="Blaine, Washington">Blaine, Washington</a> on 29 November 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 10 October 2013, Rubin pleaded guilty.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 27 January 2014, Rubin was sentenced to five years in prison.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Joseph Mahmoud Dibee, was apprehended in <a href="Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> and returned to the US on 10 August 2018, after twelve years on the run. Dibee was believed to be beyond the reach of the FBI in <a href="Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, which has no <a href="Diplomatic_relations_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplomatic relations of the United States">diplomatic relations</a> with the United States, and was ultimately discovered to be traveling through <a href="Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a>, en route to <a href="Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>. With the assistance of Cuban authorities, the FBI detained him before he could board a plane to Russia, and brought him to <a href="Portland%2C_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland</a> for trial.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 21 April 2022, Dibee pleaded guilty.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 1 November 2022, Dibee was sentenced to <a href="Time_served" title="Time served">time served</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The last fugitive militant Josephine Sunshine Overaker sought for the delits of Conspiracy to Commit Arson of United States Government Property and of Property Used in Interstate Commerce; Conspiracy to Commit Arson and Destruction of an Energy Facility; Attempted Arson of a Building; Arson of a Vehicle; Arson of a Building; Destruction of an Energy Facility, offering $50,000 for information leading to the arrest.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_operations">Related operations</h2></div>

<p>In January and February 2006, as a result of separate investigations, but widely reported as extensions of Operation Backfire,<sup id="cite_ref-arizona.indymedia.org_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arizona.indymedia.org-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IM-20060124_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IM-20060124-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> three more individuals, Zachary Jenson, <a href="Eric_McDavid" title="Eric McDavid">Eric McDavid</a> and Lauren Weiner, were arrested in <a href="Auburn%2C_California" title="Auburn, California">Auburn, California</a> for conspiring to damage facilities "by explosive or fire."<sup id="cite_ref-IM-20060124_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IM-20060124-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eric McDavid, the only one of the three who refused to sign a <a href="Plea_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Plea agreement">plea agreement</a>, was found guilty on all counts and faces up to 20 years in prison, and a $250,000 fine, when sentenced on the 6th of December.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="Washington_(U.S._state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington (U.S. state)">Washington</a>, Nathan Block and Joyanna Zacher were arrested on charges relating to a 2001 arson on a farm near <a href="Clatskanie%2C_Oregon" title="Clatskanie, Oregon">Clatskanie, Oregon</a><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in <a href="Tucson%2C_Arizona" title="Tucson, Arizona">Tucson, Arizona</a>, <a href="Rod_Coronado" title="Rod Coronado">Rod Coronado</a>, a prominent American eco-anarchist, was arrested on a felony charge of demonstrating the use of a destructive device.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Analysis">Analysis</h2></div>

<p>The indictments of the 18 activists for alleged acts of <a href="Eco-terrorism" title="Eco-terrorism">eco-terrorism</a> have drawn condemnation from activists and alternative media organizations. The <a href="National_Lawyers_Guild" title="National Lawyers Guild">National Lawyers Guild</a> condemned the operation and the resulting indictments, arguing that "life sentences for property damage offenses where the actor has no intent to harm an individual are simply unconstitutional."<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Animal rights activist <a href="Jerry_Vlasak" title="Jerry Vlasak">Jerry Vlasak</a> accused the FBI of targeting "a bunch of above-ground, well-known, peaceful animal-rights activists and environmental activists and charg[ing] them with being members of the ALF and the ELF."<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In response, then-<a href="U.S._Attorney_General" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Attorney General">U.S. Attorney General</a> <a href="Alberto_R._Gonzales" class="mw-redirect" title="Alberto R. Gonzales">Alberto R. Gonzales</a> argued that "there's a clear difference between <a href="Freedom_of_assembly" title="Freedom of assembly">constitutionally protected advocacy</a> — which is the right of all Americans — and violent criminal activity."<sup id="cite_ref-arizona.indymedia.org_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arizona.indymedia.org-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ul><li><a href="Earth_First!" title="Earth First!">Earth First!</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecotage" title="Ecotage">Ecotage</a></li>

<li><a href="Green_Scare" title="Green Scare">Green Scare</a></li>

<li><a href="Jeff_Luers" title="Jeff Luers">Jeff Luers</a></li>

<li><a href="Will_Potter" title="Will Potter">Will Potter</a></li>

<li><a href="Craig_Rosebraugh" title="Craig Rosebraugh">Craig Rosebraugh</a></li>

<li><a href="University_of_Washington_firebombing_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Washington firebombing incident">University of Washington firebombing incident</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fbi.gov/pressrel/speeches/mueller012006.htm">Federal Bureau of Investigation - Major Executive Speeches - January 20, 2006</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100409123308/https://www.fbi.gov/pressrel/speeches/mueller012006.htm">Archived</a> April 9, 2010, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>

</li>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usdoj.gov/opa/pr/2006/January/06_crm_030.html">Department of Justice Press release</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecoprisoners.org/">The North American Earth Liberation Prisoners Support Network</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiritoffreedom.org.uk/">Earth Liberation Prisoners Support Network</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cldc.org">Civil Liberties Defense Center</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greenisthenewred.com">Green Is The New Red.com</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Animal_rights398" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">Animal rights</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topics_(overviews,_concepts,_issues,_cases)398" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics (overviews, concepts, issues, cases)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Animal_rights_movement" title="Animal rights movement">Movement</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_animal_rights" title="History of animal rights">History</a> (<a href="Moral_status_of_animals_in_the_ancient_world" title="Moral status of animals in the ancient world">Ancient world</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Timeline_of_animal_welfare_and_rights" title="Timeline of animal welfare and rights">Timeline</a> <ul class="cslist"><li><a href="Timeline_of_animal_welfare_and_rights_in_Europe" title="Timeline of animal welfare and rights in Europe">Europe</a></li><li><a href="Timeline_of_animal_welfare_and_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Timeline of animal welfare and rights in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Animal_rights_by_country_or_territory" title="Animal rights by country or territory">By country or territory</a> <ul class="cslist"><li><a href="Animal_welfare_and_rights_in_Argentina" title="Animal welfare and rights in Argentina">Argentina</a></li><li><a href="Animal_welfare_and_rights_in_Australia" title="Animal welfare and rights in Australia">Australia</a></li><li><a href="Animal_welfare_and_rights_in_Austria" title="Animal welfare and rights in Austria">Austria</a></li><li><a href="Animal_welfare_and_rights_in_Azerbaijan" title="Animal welfare and rights in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li><li><a href="Animal_welfare_and_rights_in_Brazil" title="Animal welfare and rights in Brazil">Brazil</a></li><li><a href="Animal_welfare_and_rights_in_Canada" title="Animal welfare and rights in Canada">Canada</a></li><li><a href="Animal_welfare_and_rights_in_China" title="Animal welfare and rights in China">China</a></li><li><a href="Animal_welfare_and_rights_in_Denmark" title="Animal welfare and rights in Denmark">Denmark</a></li><li><a href="Animal_welfare_and_rights_in_Ethiopia" title="Animal welfare and rights in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li><li><a href="Animal_welfare_and_rights_in_France" title="Animal welfare and rights in France">France</a></li><li><a href="Animal_welfare_and_rights_in_Germany" title="Animal welfare and rights in Germany">Germany</a></li><li><a href="Animal_welfare_and_rights_in_Hong_Kong" title="Animal welfare and rights in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li><li><a href="Animal_welfare_and_rights_in_India" title="Animal welfare and rights in India">India</a></li><li><a href="Animal_welfare_and_rights_in_Indonesia" title="Animal welfare and rights in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li><li><a href="Animal_welfare_and_rights_in_Iran" title="Animal welfare and rights in Iran">Iran</a></li><li><a href="Animal_welfare_and_rights_in_Israel" title="Animal welfare and rights in Israel">Israel</a></li><li><a href="Animal_welfare_and_rights_in_Italy" title="Animal welfare and rights in Italy">Italy</a></li><li><a href="Animal_welfare_and_rights_in_Japan" title="Animal welfare and rights in Japan">Japan</a></li><li><a href="Animal_welfare_and_rights_in_Malaysia" title="Animal welfare and rights in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li><li><a href="Animal_welfare_and_rights_in_Mexico" title="Animal welfare and rights in Mexico">Mexico</a></li><li><a href="Animal_welfare_and_rights_in_the_Netherlands" title="Animal welfare and rights in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li><li><a href="Animal_welfare_and_rights_in_Russia" title="Animal welfare and rights in Russia">Russia</a></li><li><a href="Animal_welfare_and_rights_in_South_Africa" title="Animal welfare and rights in South Africa">South Africa</a></li><li><a href="Animal_welfare_and_rights_in_South_Korea" title="Animal welfare and rights in South Korea">South Korea</a></li><li><a href="Animal_welfare_and_rights_in_Spain" title="Animal welfare and rights in Spain">Spain</a></li><li><a href="Animal_welfare_and_rights_in_Sweden" title="Animal welfare and rights in Sweden">Sweden</a></li><li><a href="Animal_welfare_and_rights_in_Switzerland" title="Animal welfare and rights in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li><li><a href="Animal_welfare_and_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal welfare and rights in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="Animal_welfare_and_rights_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal welfare and rights in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Anarchism_and_animal_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchism and animal rights">Anarchism</a></li>

<li><a href="Animal_rights_and_punk_subculture" title="Animal rights and punk subculture">Punk subculture</a></li>

<li><a href="Animal_rights#In_religion" title="Animal rights">Religion</a> <ul class="cslist"><li><a href="Christianity_and_animal_rights" title="Christianity and animal rights">Christianity</a></li><li><a href="Animal_rights_in_Indian_religions" title="Animal rights in Indian religions">Indian religions</a></li><li><a href="Animals_in_Islam" title="Animals in Islam">Islam</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Women_and_animal_advocacy" title="Women and animal advocacy">Women</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abolitionism_(animal_rights)" title="Abolitionism (animal rights)">Abolitionism</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Animal_cognition" title="Animal cognition">Animal cognition</a></li>

<li><a href="Animal_consciousness" title="Animal consciousness">Animal consciousness</a></li>

<li><a href="Animal%E2%80%93industrial_complex" title="Animal–industrial complex">Animal–industrial complex</a></li>

<li><a href="Animal_law" title="Animal law">Animal law</a></li>

<li><a href="Animal_machine" title="Animal machine">Animal machine</a></li>

<li><a href="Animal_protectionism" title="Animal protectionism">Animal protectionism</a></li>

<li><a href="Animal_trial" title="Animal trial">Animal trial</a></li>

<li><a href="Animal_welfare" title="Animal welfare">Animal welfare</a></li>

<li><a href="Animal-free_agriculture" title="Animal-free agriculture">Animal-free agriculture</a></li>

<li><a href="Anthropocentrism" title="Anthropocentrism">Anthropocentrism</a></li>

<li><a href="Argument_from_marginal_cases" title="Argument from marginal cases">Argument from marginal cases</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Cambridge_Declaration_on_Consciousness" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness">Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="New_York_Declaration_on_Animal_Consciousness" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Declaration on Animal Consciousness">New York Declaration on Animal Consciousness</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Carnism" title="Carnism">Carnism</a></li>

<li><a href="Equal_consideration_of_interests" title="Equal consideration of interests">Equal consideration of interests</a></li>

<li><a href="Emotion_in_animals" title="Emotion in animals">Emotion in animals</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethics_of_eating_meat" title="Ethics of eating meat">Ethics of eating meat</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethics_of_uncertain_sentience" title="Ethics of uncertain sentience">Ethics of uncertain sentience</a></li>

<li><a href="Holocaust_analogy_in_animal_rights" title="Holocaust analogy in animal rights">Holocaust analogy</a></li>

<li><a href="Insects_in_ethics" title="Insects in ethics">Insects in ethics</a></li>

<li><a href="Intrinsic_value_in_animal_ethics" title="Intrinsic value in animal ethics">Intrinsic value</a></li>

<li><a href="Meat_paradox" class="mw-redirect" title="Meat paradox">Meat paradox</a></li>

<li><a href="Mentophobia" title="Mentophobia">Mentophobia</a></li>

<li><a href="Moral_circle_expansion" title="Moral circle expansion">Moral circle expansion</a></li>

<li><a href="Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li>

<li><a href="Nonkilling" title="Nonkilling">Nonkilling</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_rescue" title="Open rescue">Open rescue</a></li>

<li><a href="Opposition_to_hunting" title="Opposition to hunting">Opposition to hunting</a></li>

<li><a href="Painism" class="mw-redirect" title="Painism">Painism</a></li>

<li><a href="Personism" title="Personism">Personism</a></li>

<li><a href="Replaceability_argument" title="Replaceability argument">Replaceability argument</a></li>

<li><a href="Sentientism" title="Sentientism">Sentientism</a></li>

<li><a href="Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Speciesism</a></li>

<li><a href="Total_liberation" title="Total liberation">Total liberation</a></li>

<li><a href="Veganism" title="Veganism">Veganism</a></li>

<li><a href="Vegaphobia" title="Vegaphobia">Vegaphobia</a></li>

<li><a href="Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">Animal<br> husbandry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Animal_product" title="Animal product">Animal product</a></li>

<li><a href="Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">Animal husbandry</a> <ul class="cslist"><li><a href="Battery_cage" title="Battery cage">Battery cage</a></li><li><a href="Bile_bear" title="Bile bear">Bile bear</a></li><li><a href="Chick_culling" title="Chick culling">Chick culling</a></li><li><a href="Crocodile_farm" title="Crocodile farm">Crocodiles</a></li><li><a href="Concentrated_animal_feeding_operation" title="Concentrated animal feeding operation">CAFOs</a></li><li>Cow-calf separation</li><li><a href="Feedback_(pork_industry)" title="Feedback (pork industry)">Feedback</a></li><li><a href="Fish_farming" title="Fish farming">Fish</a></li><li><a href="Foam_depopulation" title="Foam depopulation">Foam depopulation</a></li><li><a href="Fur_farming" title="Fur farming">Fur</a></li><li><a href="Fur_trade" title="Fur trade">Fur trade</a></li><li><a href="Insect_farming" title="Insect farming">Insects</a></li><li><a href="Intensive_animal_farming" title="Intensive animal farming">Intensive</a></li><li><a href="Intensive_pig_farming" title="Intensive pig farming">Pigs</a></li><li><a href="Livestock" title="Livestock">Livestock</a></li><li><a href="Live_export" title="Live export">Live export</a></li><li><a href="Poultry_farming" title="Poultry farming">Poultry</a></li><li><a href="Wildlife_farming" title="Wildlife farming">Wildlife</a></li><li><a href="Animal_slaughter" title="Animal slaughter">Slaughter</a></li><li><a href="Slaughterhouse" title="Slaughterhouse">Slaughterhouse</a></li><li><a href="Ventilation_shutdown" title="Ventilation shutdown">Ventilation shutdown</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Blood_sport" title="Blood sport">Blood sport</a> <ul class="cslist"><li><a href="Badger-baiting" title="Badger-baiting">Badger-baiting</a></li><li><a href="Bear-baiting" title="Bear-baiting">Bear-baiting</a></li><li><a href="Boar-baiting" title="Boar-baiting">Boar-baiting</a></li><li><a href="Bull-baiting" title="Bull-baiting">Bull-baiting</a></li><li><a href="Donkey-baiting" title="Donkey-baiting">Donkey-baiting</a></li><li><a href="Duck-baiting" title="Duck-baiting">Duck-baiting</a></li><li><a href="Hog-dog_rodeo" title="Hog-dog rodeo">Hog-baiting</a></li><li><a href="Human-baiting" title="Human-baiting">Human-baiting</a></li><li><a href="Hyena-baiting" title="Hyena-baiting">Hyena-baiting</a></li><li><a href="Lion-baiting" title="Lion-baiting">Lion-baiting</a></li><li><a href="Monkey-baiting" title="Monkey-baiting">Monkey-baiting</a></li><li><a href="Rat-baiting" title="Rat-baiting">Rat-baiting</a></li><li><a href="Wolf-baiting" title="Wolf-baiting">Wolf-baiting</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Cruelty_to_animals" title="Cruelty to animals">Cruelty</a></li>

<li><a href="Pest_control" title="Pest control">Pest control</a> (<a href="Varmint_hunting" title="Varmint hunting">Varmint hunting</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Animal_sacrifice" title="Animal sacrifice">Sacrifice</a></li>

<li><a href="Working_animal" title="Working animal">Working animal</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Animal_testing" title="Animal testing">Animal testing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="History_of_animal_testing" title="History of animal testing">History</a></li>

<li><a href="Alternatives_to_animal_testing" title="Alternatives to animal testing">Alternatives</a></li>

<li><a href="Animal_testing_regulations" title="Animal testing regulations">Regulations</a> <ul class="cslist"><li><a href="Countries_banning_non-human_ape_experimentation" title="Countries banning non-human ape experimentation">Countries banning non-human ape experimentation</a></li><li><a href="Animal_testing_on_non-human_primates" title="Animal testing on non-human primates">Non-human primates</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Testing_cosmetics_on_animals" title="Testing cosmetics on animals">Cosmetics</a></li>

<li><a href="Model_organism" title="Model organism">Model organism</a></li>

<li><a href="Vivisection" title="Vivisection">Vivisection</a> (<a href="Anti-vivisection_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-vivisection movement">Anti-vivisection movement</a>)</li>

<li>Organizations <ul class="cslist"><li><a href="Huntingdon_Life_Sciences" title="Huntingdon Life Sciences">Huntingdon Life Sciences</a></li><li><a href="Nafovanny" title="Nafovanny">Nafovanny</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Green_Scare" title="Green Scare">Green Scare</a> ()</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Animal_welfare" title="Animal welfare">Animal welfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abandoned_pets" title="Abandoned pets">Abandoned pets</a></li>

<li><a href="Captivity_(animal)" title="Captivity (animal)">Captivity</a></li>

<li><a href="Animal_euthanasia" title="Animal euthanasia">Euthanasia</a> (<a href="Insect_euthanasia" title="Insect euthanasia">insects</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Welfare_of_farmed_insects" title="Welfare of farmed insects">Farmed insects</a></li>

<li><a href="Killing_of_animals" title="Killing of animals">Killing of animals</a></li>

<li><a href="Pain_in_animals" title="Pain in animals">Pain</a> <ul class="cslist"><li><a href="Pain_in_amphibians" title="Pain in amphibians">Amphibians</a></li><li><a href="Pain_in_cephalopods" title="Pain in cephalopods">Cephalopods</a></li><li><a href="Pain_in_crustaceans" title="Pain in crustaceans">Crustaceans</a></li><li><a href="Pain_in_fish" title="Pain in fish">Fish</a></li><li><a href="Pain_in_invertebrates" title="Pain in invertebrates">Invertebrates</a></li><li><a href="Pain_and_suffering_in_laboratory_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Pain and suffering in laboratory animals">Laboratory animals</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Animals_in_sport" title="Animals in sport">Sports</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Fishing" title="Fishing">Fishing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Commercial_fishing" title="Commercial fishing">Commercial</a></li>

<li><a href="Fish_farming" title="Fish farming">Farming</a></li>

<li><a href="Recreational_fishing" title="Recreational fishing">Recreational</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Wild_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Wild animals">Wild animals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Culling_wildlife" class="mw-redirect" title="Culling wildlife">Culling</a></li>

<li><a href="Wildlife_farming" title="Wildlife farming">Farming</a></li>

<li><a href="Hunting" title="Hunting">Hunting</a>

<ul><li>Techniques <ul class="cslist"><li><a href="Coursing" title="Coursing">Coursing</a></li><li><a href="Spotlighting" title="Spotlighting">Spotlighting</a></li><li><a href="Trail_hunting" title="Trail hunting">Trail hunting</a></li><li><a href="Trapping" title="Trapping">Trapping</a></li><li><a href="Treeing" title="Treeing">Treeing</a></li><li><a href="Trophy_hunting" title="Trophy hunting">Trophy hunting</a></li><li><a href="Upland_hunting" title="Upland hunting">Upland hunting</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Animals <ul class="cslist"><li><a href="Alligator_hunting" title="Alligator hunting">Alligators</a></li><li><a href="Bat-fowling" title="Bat-fowling">Bats</a></li><li><a href="Bear_hunting" title="Bear hunting">Bears</a></li><li><a href="Fowling" title="Fowling">Birds</a></li><li><a href="Bison_hunting" title="Bison hunting">Bison</a></li><li><a href="Boar_hunting" title="Boar hunting">Boar</a></li><li><a href="Coon_hunting" title="Coon hunting">Raccoons</a></li><li><a href="Deer_hunting" title="Deer hunting">Deer</a></li><li><a href="Dolphin_drive_hunting" title="Dolphin drive hunting">Dolphins</a></li><li><a href="Fox_hunting" title="Fox hunting">Foxes</a></li><li><a href="Hare_coursing" title="Hare coursing">Hares</a></li><li><a href="Jackal_coursing" title="Jackal coursing">Jackals</a></li><li><a href="Lion_hunting" title="Lion hunting">Lions</a></li><li><a href="Mink_hunting" title="Mink hunting">Mink</a></li><li><a href="Muttonbirding" title="Muttonbirding">Petrels</a></li><li><a href="Quail_hunting" title="Quail hunting">Quail</a></li><li><a href="Rabbiting" title="Rabbiting">Rabbit</a></li><li><a href="Rook_shooting" title="Rook shooting">Rooks</a></li><li><a href="Seal_hunting" title="Seal hunting">Seals</a></li><li><a href="Squirrel_poaching" title="Squirrel poaching">Squirrels</a></li><li><a href="Tiger_hunting" title="Tiger hunting">Tigers</a></li><li><a href="Turtling_(hunting)" title="Turtling (hunting)">Turtles</a></li><li><a href="Waterfowl_hunting" title="Waterfowl hunting">Waterfowl</a></li><li><a href="Plume_hunting" title="Plume hunting">Wild birds</a></li><li><a href="Whaling" title="Whaling">Whales</a></li><li><a href="Wolf_hunting" title="Wolf hunting">Wolves</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Wildlife_management" title="Wildlife management">Management</a></li>

<li><a href="Predation_problem" title="Predation problem">Predation problem</a></li>

<li><a href="Wild_animal_suffering" title="Wild animal suffering">Suffering</a></li>

<li><a href="Wildlife_trade" title="Wildlife trade">Trade</a> <ul class="cslist"><li><a href="International_primate_trade" title="International primate trade">Primates</a></li><li><a href="Ivory_trade" title="Ivory trade">Ivory</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Wild_animal_welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Wild animal welfare">Welfare</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Brown_Dog_affair" title="Brown Dog affair">Brown Dog affair</a></li>

<li><a href="Cambridge_University_primates" title="Cambridge University primates">Cambridge University primates</a></li>

<li><a href="McLibel_case" title="McLibel case">McLibel case</a></li>

<li><a href="Monkey_selfie_copyright_dispute" title="Monkey selfie copyright dispute">Monkey selfie copyright dispute</a></li>

<li><a href="Pit_of_despair" title="Pit of despair">Pit of despair</a></li>

<li><a href="Silver_Spring_monkeys" title="Silver Spring monkeys">Silver Spring monkeys</a></li>

<li><a href="University_of_California%2C_Riverside_1985_laboratory_raid" title="University of California, Riverside 1985 laboratory raid">University of California, Riverside 1985 laboratory raid</a></li>

<li><a href="Unnecessary_Fuss" title="Unnecessary Fuss">Unnecessary Fuss</a></li>

<li><a href="War_of_the_currents" title="War of the currents">War of the currents</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Studies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Animal_ethics" title="Animal ethics">Animal ethics</a></li>

<li><a href="Anthrozoology" title="Anthrozoology">Anthrozoology</a></li>

<li><a href="Critical_animal_studies" title="Critical animal studies">Critical animal studies</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethology" title="Ethology">Ethology</a></li>

<li><a href="Vegan_studies" title="Vegan studies">Vegan studies</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methodologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Direct_Action_Everywhere" title="Direct Action Everywhere">Direct Action Everywhere</a></li>

<li><a href="Hunt_sabotage" title="Hunt sabotage">Hunt sabotage</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="World_Animal_Day" title="World Animal Day">World Animal Day</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Day_for_Farmed_Animals" title="World Day for Farmed Animals">World Day for Farmed Animals</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Day_for_the_End_of_Speciesism" title="World Day for the End of Speciesism">World Day for the End of Speciesism</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Day_for_Laboratory_Animals" title="World Day for Laboratory Animals">World Day for Laboratory Animals</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Day_for_the_End_of_Fishing" title="World Day for the End of Fishing">World Day for the End of Fishing</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Vegan_Day" title="World Vegan Day">World Vegan Day</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Vegetarian_Day" title="World Vegetarian Day">World Vegetarian Day</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Advocates_(academics,_writers,_activists)398" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="List_of_animal_rights_advocates" title="List of animal rights advocates">Advocates</a> (academics, writers, activists)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics<br>and writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Carol_J._Adams" title="Carol J. Adams">Carol J. Adams</a></li>

<li><a href="Aysha_Akhtar" title="Aysha Akhtar">Aysha Akhtar</a></li>

<li><a href="Kristin_Andrews" title="Kristin Andrews">Kristin Andrews</a></li>

<li><a href="Marc_Bekoff" title="Marc Bekoff">Marc Bekoff</a></li>

<li><a href="Steven_Best" title="Steven Best">Steven Best</a></li>

<li><a href="Paola_Cavalieri" title="Paola Cavalieri">Paola Cavalieri</a></li>

<li><a href="Stephen_R._L._Clark" title="Stephen R. L. Clark">Stephen R. L. Clark</a></li>

<li><a href="Alasdair_Cochrane" title="Alasdair Cochrane">Alasdair Cochrane</a></li>

<li><a href="J._M._Coetzee" title="J. M. Coetzee">J. M. Coetzee</a></li>

<li><a href="Alice_Crary" title="Alice Crary">Alice Crary</a></li>

<li><a href="David_DeGrazia" title="David DeGrazia">David DeGrazia</a></li>

<li><a href="Daniel_Dombrowski" title="Daniel Dombrowski">Daniel Dombrowski</a></li>

<li><a href="Sue_Donaldson" title="Sue Donaldson">Sue Donaldson</a></li>

<li><a href="Josephine_Donovan" title="Josephine Donovan">Josephine Donovan</a></li>

<li><a href="Joan_Dunayer" title="Joan Dunayer">Joan Dunayer</a></li>

<li><a href="Mylan_Engel" title="Mylan Engel">Mylan Engel</a></li>

<li><a href="Catia_Faria" title="Catia Faria">Catia Faria</a></li>

<li><a href="Lawrence_Finsen" title="Lawrence Finsen">Lawrence Finsen</a></li>

<li><a href="Michael_W._Fox" title="Michael W. Fox">Michael W. Fox</a></li>

<li><a href="Gary_L._Francione" title="Gary L. Francione">Gary L. Francione</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Garner" title="Robert Garner">Robert Garner</a></li>

<li><a href="Val%C3%A9ry_Giroux" title="Valéry Giroux">Valéry Giroux</a></li>

<li><a href="Lori_Gruen" title="Lori Gruen">Lori Gruen</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Hadley_(philosopher)" title="John Hadley (philosopher)">John Hadley</a></li>

<li><a href="Oscar_Horta" title="Oscar Horta">Oscar Horta</a></li>

<li><a href="Christine_Korsgaard" title="Christine Korsgaard">Christine Korsgaard</a></li>

<li><a href="Dale_Jamieson" title="Dale Jamieson">Dale Jamieson</a></li>

<li><a href="Kyle_Johannsen" title="Kyle Johannsen">Kyle Johannsen</a></li>

<li><a href="Melanie_Joy" title="Melanie Joy">Melanie Joy</a></li>

<li><a href="Hilda_Kean" title="Hilda Kean">Hilda Kean</a></li>

<li><a href="Will_Kymlicka" title="Will Kymlicka">Will Kymlicka</a></li>

<li><a href="Renan_Larue" title="Renan Larue">Renan Larue</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Lepeltier" title="Thomas Lepeltier">Thomas Lepeltier</a></li>

<li><a href="Andrew_Linzey" title="Andrew Linzey">Andrew Linzey</a></li>

<li><a href="Clair_Linzey" title="Clair Linzey">Clair Linzey</a></li>

<li><a href="Dan_Lyons" title="Dan Lyons">Dan Lyons</a></li>

<li><a href="David_Nibert" title="David Nibert">David Nibert</a></li>

<li><a href="Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Martha Nussbaum</a></li>

<li><a href="Clare_Palmer" title="Clare Palmer">Clare Palmer</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles_Patterson_(author)" title="Charles Patterson (author)">Charles Patterson</a></li>

<li><a href="David_Pearce_(philosopher)" title="David Pearce (philosopher)">David Pearce</a></li>

<li><a href="Jessica_Pierce" title="Jessica Pierce">Jessica Pierce</a></li>

<li><a href="Evelyn_Pluhar" title="Evelyn Pluhar">Evelyn Pluhar</a></li>

<li><a href="Mark_Rowlands" title="Mark Rowlands">Mark Rowlands</a></li>

<li><a href="Richard_D._Ryder" title="Richard D. Ryder">Richard D. Ryder</a></li>

<li><a href="Steve_F._Sapontzis" title="Steve F. Sapontzis">Steve F. Sapontzis</a></li>

<li><a href="J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Segal" title="Jérôme Segal">Jérôme Segal</a></li>

<li><a href="Peter_Singer" title="Peter Singer">Peter Singer</a></li>

<li><a href="Gary_Steiner" title="Gary Steiner">Gary Steiner</a></li>

<li><a href="Cass_Sunstein" title="Cass Sunstein">Cass Sunstein</a></li>

<li><a href="David_Sztybel" title="David Sztybel">David Sztybel</a></li>

<li><a href="Michael_Tye_(philosopher)" title="Michael Tye (philosopher)">Michael Tye</a></li>

<li><a href="Tatjana_Vi%C5%A1ak" title="Tatjana Višak">Tatjana Višak</a></li>

<li><a href="Paul_Waldau" title="Paul Waldau">Paul Waldau</a></li>

<li><a href="Corey_Lee_Wrenn" title="Corey Lee Wrenn">Corey Lee Wrenn</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Tom_Beauchamp" title="Tom Beauchamp">Tom Beauchamp</a></li>

<li><a href="Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Jeremy Bentham</a></li>

<li><a href="David_Renaud_Boullier" title="David Renaud Boullier">David Renaud Boullier</a></li>

<li><a href="Stephen_St._C._Bostock" title="Stephen St. C. Bostock">Stephen St. C. Bostock</a></li>

<li><a href="Brigid_Brophy" title="Brigid Brophy">Brigid Brophy</a></li>

<li><a href="Peter_Buchan" title="Peter Buchan">Peter Buchan</a></li>

<li><a href="Mona_Caird" title="Mona Caird">Mona Caird</a></li>

<li><a href="Priscilla_Cohn" title="Priscilla Cohn">Priscilla Cohn</a></li>

<li><a href="Sherry_Colb" title="Sherry Colb">Sherry Colb</a></li>

<li><a href="Henry_Crowe_(vicar)" title="Henry Crowe (vicar)">Henry Crowe</a></li>

<li><a href="Herman_Daggett" title="Herman Daggett">Herman Daggett</a></li>

<li><a href="Richard_Dean_(curate)" title="Richard Dean (curate)">Richard Dean</a></li>

<li><a href="Wilhelm_Dietler" title="Wilhelm Dietler">Wilhelm Dietler</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Hamilton_Drummond" title="William Hamilton Drummond">William Hamilton Drummond</a></li>

<li><a href="Edward_Payson_Evans" title="Edward Payson Evans">Edward Payson Evans</a></li>

<li><a href="T._Forster" class="mw-redirect" title="T. Forster">T. Forster</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Galsworthy" title="John Galsworthy">John Galsworthy</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_G._Gentry" title="Thomas G. Gentry">Thomas G. Gentry</a></li>

<li><a href="V._A._Holmes-Gore" title="V. A. Holmes-Gore">V. A. Holmes-Gore</a></li>

<li><a href="Arthur_Helps" title="Arthur Helps">Arthur Helps</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Hildrop" title="John Hildrop">John Hildrop</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Zephaniah_Holwell" title="John Zephaniah Holwell">John Zephaniah Holwell</a></li>

<li><a href="Francis_Hutcheson_(philosopher)" title="Francis Hutcheson (philosopher)">Francis Hutcheson</a></li>

<li><a href="Soame_Jenyns" title="Soame Jenyns">Soame Jenyns</a></li>

<li><a href="Marie_Jungius" title="Marie Jungius">Marie Jungius</a></li>

<li><a href="Karl_Christian_Friedrich_Krause" title="Karl Christian Friedrich Krause">Karl Christian Friedrich Krause</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Lawrence_(writer)" title="John Lawrence (writer)">John Lawrence</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles_R._Magel" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles R. Magel">Charles R. Magel</a></li>

<li><a href="Jean_Meslier" title="Jean Meslier">Jean Meslier</a></li>

<li><a href="Mary_Midgley" title="Mary Midgley">Mary Midgley</a></li>

<li><a href="J._Howard_Moore" title="J. Howard Moore">J. Howard Moore</a></li>

<li><a href="Jos%C3%A9_Ferrater_Mora" title="José Ferrater Mora">José Ferrater Mora</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Morris_(writer)" title="Robert Morris (writer)">Robert Morris</a></li>

<li><a href="Leonard_Nelson" title="Leonard Nelson">Leonard Nelson</a></li>

<li><a href="Edward_Nicholson_(librarian)" title="Edward Nicholson (librarian)">Edward Nicholson</a></li>

<li><a href="Siobhan_O'Sullivan" title="Siobhan O'Sullivan">Siobhan O'Sullivan</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Oswald_(revolutionary)" title="John Oswald (revolutionary)">John Oswald</a></li>

<li><a href="Rod_Preece" title="Rod Preece">Rod Preece</a></li>

<li><a href="Humphrey_Primatt" title="Humphrey Primatt">Humphrey Primatt</a></li>

<li><a href="James_Rachels" title="James Rachels">James Rachels</a></li>

<li><a href="Tom_Regan" title="Tom Regan">Tom Regan</a></li>

<li><a href="Joseph_Ritson" title="Joseph Ritson">Joseph Ritson</a></li>

<li><a href="Nathaniel_Peabody_Rogers" title="Nathaniel Peabody Rogers">Nathaniel Peabody Rogers</a></li>

<li><a href="Bernard_Rollin" title="Bernard Rollin">Bernard Rollin</a></li>

<li><a href="Henry_Stephens_Salt" title="Henry Stephens Salt">Henry Stephens Salt</a></li>

<li><a href="Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Arthur Schopenhauer</a></li>

<li><a href="Laurids_Smith" title="Laurids Smith">Laurids Smith</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Styles" title="John Styles">John Styles</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Tryon" title="Thomas Tryon">Thomas Tryon</a></li>

<li><a href="Gary_Varner" title="Gary Varner">Gary Varner</a></li>

<li><a href="Johann_Friedrich_Ludwig_Volckmann" title="Johann Friedrich Ludwig Volckmann">Johann Friedrich Ludwig Volckmann</a></li>

<li><a href="Mary_Anne_Warren" title="Mary Anne Warren">Mary Anne Warren</a></li>

<li><a href="Adam_Gottlieb_Weigen" title="Adam Gottlieb Weigen">Adam Gottlieb Weigen</a></li>

<li><a href="Johann_Heinrich_Winckler" title="Johann Heinrich Winckler">Johann Heinrich Winckler</a></li>

<li><a href="Steven_M._Wise" title="Steven M. Wise">Steven M. Wise</a></li>

<li><a href="Jon_Wynne-Tyson" title="Jon Wynne-Tyson">Jon Wynne-Tyson</a></li>

<li><a href="Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Young_(animal_welfare_writer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Young (animal welfare writer)">Thomas Young</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="James_Aspey" title="James Aspey">James Aspey</a></li>

<li><a href="Greg_Avery" title="Greg Avery">Greg Avery</a></li>

<li><a href="Martin_Balluch" title="Martin Balluch">Martin Balluch</a></li>

<li><a href="Carole_Baskin" title="Carole Baskin">Carole Baskin</a></li>

<li><a href="Barbi_Twins" title="Barbi Twins">Barbi Twins</a></li>

<li><a href="Brigitte_Bardot" title="Brigitte Bardot">Brigitte Bardot</a></li>

<li><a href="Yves_Bonnardel" title="Yves Bonnardel">Yves Bonnardel</a></li>

<li><a href="Joey_Carbstrong" title="Joey Carbstrong">Joey Carbstrong</a></li>

<li><a href="Aymeric_Caron" title="Aymeric Caron">Aymeric Caron</a></li>

<li><a href="Jake_Conroy" title="Jake Conroy">Jake Conroy</a></li>

<li><a href="Rod_Coronado" title="Rod Coronado">Rod Coronado</a></li>

<li><a href="Karen_Dawn" title="Karen Dawn">Karen Dawn</a></li>

<li><a href="Chris_DeRose" title="Chris DeRose">Chris DeRose</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Feldmann" title="John Feldmann">John Feldmann</a></li>

<li><a href="Bruce_Friedrich" title="Bruce Friedrich">Bruce Friedrich</a></li>

<li><a href="Juliet_Gellatley" title="Juliet Gellatley">Juliet Gellatley</a></li>

<li><a href="Tal_Gilboa" title="Tal Gilboa">Tal Gilboa</a></li>

<li><a href="Antoine_Goetschel" title="Antoine Goetschel">Antoine Goetschel</a></li>

<li><a href="Brigitte_Gothi%C3%A8re" title="Brigitte Gothière">Brigitte Gothière</a></li>

<li><a href="Alex_Hershaft" title="Alex Hershaft">Alex Hershaft</a></li>

<li><a href="Wayne_Hsiung" title="Wayne Hsiung">Wayne Hsiung</a></li>

<li><a href="Charlotte_Laws" title="Charlotte Laws">Charlotte Laws</a></li>

<li><a href="Ronnie_Lee" title="Ronnie Lee">Ronnie Lee</a></li>

<li><a href="Howard_Lyman" title="Howard Lyman">Howard Lyman</a></li>

<li><a href="Evanna_Lynch" title="Evanna Lynch">Evanna Lynch</a></li>

<li><a href="Bill_Maher" title="Bill Maher">Bill Maher</a></li>

<li><a href="Keith_Mann" title="Keith Mann">Keith Mann</a></li>

<li><a href="Jim_Mason_(activist)" title="Jim Mason (activist)">Jim Mason</a></li>

<li><a href="Dan_Mathews" title="Dan Mathews">Dan Mathews</a></li>

<li><a href="Joaquin_Phoenix" title="Joaquin Phoenix">Joaquin Phoenix</a></li>

<li><a href="Jo-Anne_McArthur" title="Jo-Anne McArthur">Jo-Anne McArthur</a></li>

<li><a href="Lu%C3%ADsa_Mell" class="mw-redirect" title="Luísa Mell">Luísa Mell</a></li>

<li><a href="Virginia_McKenna" title="Virginia McKenna">Virginia McKenna</a></li>

<li><a href="Morrissey" title="Morrissey">Morrissey</a></li>

<li><a href="Ingrid_Newkirk" title="Ingrid Newkirk">Ingrid Newkirk</a></li>

<li><a href="Heather_Nicholson" title="Heather Nicholson">Heather Nicholson</a></li>

<li><a href="Jack_Norris_(activist)" title="Jack Norris (activist)">Jack Norris</a></li>

<li><a href="Ric_O'Barry" title="Ric O'Barry">Ric O'Barry</a></li>

<li><a href="David_Olivier" title="David Olivier">David Olivier</a></li>

<li><a href="Alex_Pacheco_(activist)" title="Alex Pacheco (activist)">Alex Pacheco</a></li>

<li><a href="Craig_Rosebraugh" title="Craig Rosebraugh">Craig Rosebraugh</a></li>

<li><a href="Jasmin_Singer" title="Jasmin Singer">Jasmin Singer</a></li>

<li><a href="Kim_Stallwood" title="Kim Stallwood">Kim Stallwood</a></li>

<li><a href="Lynda_Stoner" title="Lynda Stoner">Lynda Stoner</a></li>

<li><a href="Marianne_Thieme" title="Marianne Thieme">Marianne Thieme</a></li>

<li><a href="Darren_Thurston" title="Darren Thurston">Darren Thurston</a></li>

<li><a href="Christine_Townend" title="Christine Townend">Christine Townend</a></li>

<li><a href="Wendy_Turner-Webster" title="Wendy Turner-Webster">Wendy Turner-Webster</a></li>

<li><a href="Jerry_Vlasak" title="Jerry Vlasak">Jerry Vlasak</a></li>

<li><a href="Louise_Wallis" title="Louise Wallis">Louise Wallis</a></li>

<li><a href="Ed_Winters" title="Ed Winters">Ed Winters</a></li>

<li><a href="Gary_Yourofsky" title="Gary Yourofsky">Gary Yourofsky</a></li>

<li><a href="That_Vegan_Teacher" title="That Vegan Teacher">That Vegan Teacher</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Cleveland_Amory" title="Cleveland Amory">Cleveland Amory</a></li>

<li><a href="Henry_B._Amos" title="Henry B. Amos">Henry B. Amos</a></li>

<li><a href="Bob_Barker" title="Bob Barker">Bob Barker</a></li>

<li><a href="Ernest_Bell_(animal_rights_activist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernest Bell (animal rights activist)">Ernest Bell</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Brown_(veterinarian)" title="William Brown (veterinarian)">William Brown</a></li>

<li><a href="Edith_Carrington" title="Edith Carrington">Edith Carrington</a></li>

<li><a href="Frances_Power_Cobbe" title="Frances Power Cobbe">Frances Power Cobbe</a></li>

<li><a href="Joan_Court" title="Joan Court">Joan Court</a></li>

<li><a href="Karen_Davis_(activist)" title="Karen Davis (activist)">Karen Davis</a></li>

<li><a href="Royal_Dixon" title="Royal Dixon">Royal Dixon</a></li>

<li><a href="Muriel_Dowding%2C_Baroness_Dowding" title="Muriel Dowding, Baroness Dowding">Muriel Dowding</a></li>

<li><a href="Elizabeth_Farians" title="Elizabeth Farians">Elizabeth Farians</a></li>

<li><a href="Emarel_Freshel" title="Emarel Freshel">Emarel Freshel</a></li>

<li><a href="Andr%C3%A9_G%C3%A9raud" title="André Géraud">André Géraud</a></li>

<li><a href="Lewis_Gompertz" title="Lewis Gompertz">Lewis Gompertz</a></li>

<li><a href="James_Granger" title="James Granger">James Granger</a></li>

<li><a href="Barry_Horne_(activist)" title="Barry Horne (activist)">Barry Horne</a></li>

<li><a href="Marie_Huot" title="Marie Huot">Marie Huot</a></li>

<li><a href="Lizzy_Lind_af_Hageby" title="Lizzy Lind af Hageby">Lizzy Lind af Hageby</a></li>

<li><a href="Jessie_Mackay" title="Jessie Mackay">Jessie Mackay</a></li>

<li><a href="Alfred_Mansfield_Mitchell" title="Alfred Mansfield Mitchell">Alfred Mansfield Mitchell</a></li>

<li><a href="J._Isaac_Pengelly" title="J. Isaac Pengelly">J. Isaac Pengelly</a></li>

<li><a href="Norm_Phelps" title="Norm Phelps">Norm Phelps</a></li>

<li><a href="Death_of_Jill_Phipps" title="Death of Jill Phipps">Jill Phipps</a></li>

<li><a href="Maud_Ingersoll_Probasco" title="Maud Ingersoll Probasco">Maud Ingersoll Probasco</a></li>

<li><a href="Hans_Ruesch" title="Hans Ruesch">Hans Ruesch</a></li>

<li><a href="Magnus_Schwantje" title="Magnus Schwantje">Magnus Schwantje</a></li>

<li><a href="Nell_Shipman" title="Nell Shipman">Nell Shipman</a></li>

<li><a href="Henry_Spira" title="Henry Spira">Henry Spira</a></li>

<li><a href="Joseph_Stratton_(clergyman)" title="Joseph Stratton (clergyman)">Joseph Stratton</a></li>

<li><a href="Andrew_Tyler" title="Andrew Tyler">Andrew Tyler</a></li>

<li><a href="Gretchen_Wyler" title="Gretchen Wyler">Gretchen Wyler</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Movement_(groups,_parties)398" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Animal_rights_movement" title="Animal rights movement">Movement</a> (groups, parties)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="American_Anti-Vivisection_Society" title="American Anti-Vivisection Society">American Anti-Vivisection Society</a></li>

<li><a href="Animal_Aid" title="Animal Aid">Animal Aid</a></li>

<li><a href="Animal_Ethics_(organization)" title="Animal Ethics (organization)">Animal Ethics</a></li>

<li><a href="Animal_Justice_(organization)" title="Animal Justice (organization)">Animal Justice</a></li>

<li><a href="Animal_Justice_Project" title="Animal Justice Project">Animal Justice Project</a></li>

<li><a href="Animal_Legal_Defense_Fund" title="Animal Legal Defense Fund">Animal Legal Defense Fund</a></li>

<li><a href="Animal_Liberation_(organisation)" title="Animal Liberation (organisation)">Animal Liberation</a></li>

<li><a href="Animal_Liberation_Front" title="Animal Liberation Front">Animal Liberation Front</a></li>

<li><a href="Animal_Liberation_Press_Office" title="Animal Liberation Press Office">Animal Liberation Press Office</a></li>

<li><a href="Animal_Liberation_Victoria" title="Animal Liberation Victoria">Animal Liberation Victoria</a></li>

<li><a href="Animal_Rights_Militia" title="Animal Rights Militia">Animal Rights Militia</a></li>

<li><a href="Animal_Rising" title="Animal Rising">Animal Rising</a></li>

<li><a href="AnimaNaturalis" title="AnimaNaturalis">AnimaNaturalis</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Vivisection_Coalition" title="Anti-Vivisection Coalition">Anti-Vivisection Coalition</a></li>

<li><a href="Anonymous_for_the_Voiceless" title="Anonymous for the Voiceless">Anonymous for the Voiceless</a></li>

<li><a href="Beauty_Without_Cruelty" title="Beauty Without Cruelty">Beauty Without Cruelty</a></li>

<li><a href="Born_Free_Foundation" title="Born Free Foundation">Born Free Foundation</a></li>

<li><a href="Centre_for_Animals_and_Social_Justice" title="Centre for Animals and Social Justice">Centre for Animals and Social Justice</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinese_Animal_Protection_Network" title="Chinese Animal Protection Network">Chinese Animal Protection Network</a></li>

<li><a href="Cruelty_Free_International" title="Cruelty Free International">Cruelty Free International</a></li>

<li><a href="Direct_Action_Everywhere" title="Direct Action Everywhere">Direct Action Everywhere</a></li>

<li><a href="Doctors_Against_Animal_Experiments" title="Doctors Against Animal Experiments">Doctors Against Animal Experiments</a></li>

<li><a href="Equanimal" title="Equanimal">Equanimal</a></li>

<li><a href="Every_Animal" title="Every Animal">Every Animal</a></li>

<li><a href="Farm_Animal_Rights_Movement" title="Farm Animal Rights Movement">Farm Animal Rights Movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Faunalytics" title="Faunalytics">Faunalytics</a></li>

<li><a href="Great_Ape_Project" title="Great Ape Project">Great Ape Project</a></li>

<li><a href="Hunt_Saboteurs_Association" title="Hunt Saboteurs Association">Hunt Saboteurs Association</a></li>

<li><a href="In_Defense_of_Animals" title="In Defense of Animals">In Defense of Animals</a></li>

<li><a href="Korea_Animal_Rights_Advocates" title="Korea Animal Rights Advocates">Korea Animal Rights Advocates</a></li>

<li><a href="Last_Chance_for_Animals" title="Last Chance for Animals">Last Chance for Animals</a></li>

<li><a href="Massachusetts_Animal_Rights_Coalition" title="Massachusetts Animal Rights Coalition">Massachusetts Animal Rights Coalition</a></li>

<li><a href="Mercy_for_Animals" title="Mercy for Animals">Mercy for Animals</a></li>

<li><a href="Oxford_Centre_for_Animal_Ethics" title="Oxford Centre for Animal Ethics">Oxford Centre for Animal Ethics</a></li>

<li><a href="People_for_the_Ethical_Treatment_of_Animals" title="People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals">People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals</a></li>

<li><a href="Revolutionary_Cells_%E2%80%93_Animal_Liberation_Brigade" title="Revolutionary Cells – Animal Liberation Brigade">Revolutionary Cells – Animal Liberation Brigade</a></li>

<li><a href="Rise_for_Animals" title="Rise for Animals">Rise for Animals</a></li>

<li><a href="Sentience_Politics" title="Sentience Politics">Sentience Politics</a></li>

<li><a href="Uncaged_Campaigns" title="Uncaged Campaigns">Uncaged Campaigns</a></li>

<li><a href="United_Activists_for_Animal_Rights" title="United Activists for Animal Rights">United Activists for Animal Rights</a></li>

<li><a href="United_Poultry_Concerns" title="United Poultry Concerns">United Poultry Concerns</a></li>

<li><a href="UPF-Centre_for_Animal_Ethics" title="UPF-Centre for Animal Ethics">UPF-Centre for Animal Ethics</a></li>

<li><a href="Voice_for_Animals_Humane_Society" title="Voice for Animals Humane Society">Voice for Animals Humane Society</a></li>

<li><a href="Voiceless_(animal_rights_group)" title="Voiceless (animal rights group)">Voiceless</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Canadian_Anti-Vivisection_Society" title="Canadian Anti-Vivisection Society">Canadian Anti-Vivisection Society</a></li>

<li><a href="Humanitarian_League" title="Humanitarian League">Humanitarian League</a> (1891–1919)</li>

<li><a href="Millennium_Guild" class="mw-redirect" title="Millennium Guild">Millennium Guild</a></li>

<li><a href="Order_of_the_Golden_Age" title="Order of the Golden Age">Order of the Golden Age</a></li>

<li><a href="Oxford_Group_(animal_rights)" title="Oxford Group (animal rights)">Oxford Group</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Animal_Justice_Party" title="Animal Justice Party">Animal Justice Party</a> (Australia)</li>

<li><a href="Animal_Politics_EU" title="Animal Politics EU">Animal Politics EU</a> (Europe)</li>

<li><a href="Animal_Protection_Party_of_Canada" title="Animal Protection Party of Canada">Animal Protection Party of Canada</a> (Canada)</li>

<li><a href="Animal_Justice_Party_of_Finland" title="Animal Justice Party of Finland">Animal Justice Party of Finland</a> (Finland)</li>

<li><a href="Animals'_Party" title="Animals' Party">Animals' Party</a> (Sweden)</li>

<li><a href="Animalist_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Animalist Movement">Animalist Movement</a> (Italy)</li>

<li><a href="Animalist_Party_with_the_Environment" title="Animalist Party with the Environment">Animalist Party with the Environment</a> (Spain)</li>

<li><a href="DierAnimal" title="DierAnimal">DierAnimal</a> (Belgium)</li>

<li><a href="Human_Environment_Animal_Protection_Party" title="Human Environment Animal Protection Party">Human Environment Animal Protection Party</a> (Germany)</li>

<li><a href="Italian_Animalist_Party" title="Italian Animalist Party">Italian Animalist Party</a> (Italy)</li>

<li><a href="Party_for_the_Animals" title="Party for the Animals">Party for the Animals</a> (Netherlands)</li>

<li><a href="People_Animals_Nature" title="People Animals Nature">People Animals Nature</a> (Portugal)</li>

<li><a href="V-Partei3" title="V-Partei3">V-Partei³</a> (Germany)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Animal_Rights_National_Conference" title="Animal Rights National Conference">Animal Rights National Conference</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Media_(books,_films,_periodicals,_albums)398" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Media (books, films, periodicals, albums)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="On_Abstinence_from_Eating_Animals" title="On Abstinence from Eating Animals">On Abstinence from Eating Animals</a></i> (3rd century)</li>

<li><i><a href="A_Reasonable_Plea_for_the_Animal_Creation" title="A Reasonable Plea for the Animal Creation">A Reasonable Plea for the Animal Creation</a></i> (1746)</li>

<li><i><a href="A_System_of_Moral_Philosophy%2C_in_Three_Books" title="A System of Moral Philosophy, in Three Books">A System of Moral Philosophy, in Three Books</a></i> (1755)</li>

<li><i><a href="The_Cry_of_Nature" class="mw-redirect" title="The Cry of Nature">The Cry of Nature</a></i> (1791)</li>

<li><i><a href="An_Essay_on_Humanity_to_Animals" title="An Essay on Humanity to Animals">An Essay on Humanity to Animals</a></i> (1798)</li>

<li><i><a href="An_Essay_on_Abstinence_from_Animal_Food%2C_as_a_Moral_Duty" title="An Essay on Abstinence from Animal Food, as a Moral Duty">An Essay on Abstinence from Animal Food, as a Moral Duty</a></i> (1802)</li>

<li><i><a href="Moral_Inquiries_on_the_Situation_of_Man_and_of_Brutes" title="Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes">Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes</a></i> (1824)</li>

<li><i><a href="The_Rights_of_Animals" class="mw-redirect" title="The Rights of Animals">The Rights of Animals</a></i> (1838)</li>

<li><i><a href="The_Ethics_of_Diet" title="The Ethics of Diet">The Ethics of Diet</a></i> (1883)</li>

<li><i><a href="A_Plea_for_Vegetarianism_and_Other_Essays" title="A Plea for Vegetarianism and Other Essays">A Plea for Vegetarianism and Other Essays</a></i> (1886)</li>

<li><i><a href="Animals'_Rights%3A_Considered_in_Relation_to_Social_Progress" title="Animals' Rights: Considered in Relation to Social Progress">Animals' Rights: Considered in Relation to Social Progress</a></i> (1892)</li>

<li><i><a href="Evolutional_Ethics_and_Animal_Psychology" title="Evolutional Ethics and Animal Psychology">Evolutional Ethics and Animal Psychology</a></i> (1897)</li>

<li><i><a href="Better-World_Philosophy" title="Better-World Philosophy">Better-World Philosophy</a></i> (1899)</li>

<li><i><a href="The_Logic_of_Vegetarianism" title="The Logic of Vegetarianism">The Logic of Vegetarianism</a></i> (1899)</li>

<li><i><a href="The_Universal_Kinship" title="The Universal Kinship">The Universal Kinship</a></i> (1906)</li>

<li><i><a href="The_New_Ethics" title="The New Ethics">The New Ethics</a></i> (1907)</li>

<li><i><a href="Animals%2C_Men_and_Morals" title="Animals, Men and Morals">Animals, Men and Morals</a></i> (1971)</li>

<li><i><a href="Animal_Liberation_(book)" title="Animal Liberation (book)">Animal Liberation</a></i> (1975)</li>

<li><i><a href="The_Case_for_Animal_Rights" title="The Case for Animal Rights">The Case for Animal Rights</a></i> (1983)</li>

<li><i><a href="Morals%2C_Reason%2C_and_Animals" title="Morals, Reason, and Animals">Morals, Reason, and Animals</a></i> (1987)</li>

<li><i><a href="Zoos_and_Animal_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoos and Animal Rights">Zoos and Animal Rights</a></i> (1993)</li>

<li><i><a href="Animals%2C_Property%2C_and_the_Law" title="Animals, Property, and the Law">Animals, Property, and the Law</a></i> (1995)</li>

<li><i><a href="The_Lives_of_Animals" title="The Lives of Animals">The Lives of Animals</a></i> (1999)</li>

<li><i><a href="Eternal_Treblinka" title="Eternal Treblinka">Eternal Treblinka</a></i> (2001)</li>

<li><i><a href="Do_Animals_Have_Rights%3F" title="Do Animals Have Rights?">Do Animals Have Rights?</a></i> (2005)</li>

<li><i><a href="Striking_at_the_Roots" title="Striking at the Roots">Striking at the Roots</a></i> (2008)</li>

<li><i><a href="An_American_Trilogy_(book)" title="An American Trilogy (book)">An American Trilogy</a></i> (2009)</li>

<li><i><a href="An_Introduction_to_Animals_and_Political_Theory" title="An Introduction to Animals and Political Theory">An Introduction to Animals and Political Theory</a></i> (2010)</li>

<li><i><a href="Animal_Rights_Without_Liberation" title="Animal Rights Without Liberation">Animal Rights Without Liberation</a></i> (2012)</li>

<li><i><a href="Political_Animals_and_Animal_Politics" title="Political Animals and Animal Politics">Political Animals and Animal Politics</a></i> (2014)</li>

<li><i><a href="Animal_(De)liberation" title="Animal (De)liberation">Animal (De)liberation</a></i> (2016)</li>

<li><i><a href="Beating_Hearts%3A_Abortion_and_Animal_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Beating Hearts: Abortion and Animal Rights">Beating Hearts: Abortion and Animal Rights</a></i> (2016)</li>

<li><i><a href="Sentientist_Politics" title="Sentientist Politics">Sentientist Politics</a></i> (2018)</li>

<li><i><a href="Wild_Animal_Ethics" title="Wild Animal Ethics">Wild Animal Ethics</a></i> (2020)</li>

<li><i><a href="Animal_Ethics_in_the_Wild" title="Animal Ethics in the Wild">Animal Ethics in the Wild</a></i> (2022)</li>

<li><i><a href="Making_a_Stand_for_Animals" title="Making a Stand for Animals">Making a Stand for Animals</a></i> (2022)</li>

<li><i><a href="Animal_Rights_Law" title="Animal Rights Law">Animal Rights Law</a></i> (2023)</li>

<li><i><a href="The_Moral_Circle" title="The Moral Circle">The Moral Circle</a></i> (2025)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="The_Animals_Film" title="The Animals Film">The Animals Film</a></i> (1981)</li>

<li><i><a href="A_Cow_at_My_Table" title="A Cow at My Table">A Cow at My Table</a></i> (1998)</li>

<li><i><a href="Shores_of_Silence" title="Shores of Silence">Shores of Silence</a></i> (2000)</li>

<li><i><a href="The_Witness_(2000_film)" title="The Witness (2000 film)">The Witness</a></i> (2000)</li>

<li><i><a href="Legally_Blonde_2%3A_Red%2C_White_%26_Blonde" title="Legally Blonde 2: Red, White & Blonde">Legally Blonde 2</a></i> (2003)</li>

<li><i><a href="The_Meatrix" title="The Meatrix">The Meatrix</a></i> (2003)</li>

<li><i><a href="Peaceable_Kingdom_(film)" title="Peaceable Kingdom (film)">Peaceable Kingdom</a></i> (2004)</li>

<li><i><a href="Earthlings_(film)" title="Earthlings (film)">Earthlings</a></i> (2005)</li>

<li><i><a href="Behind_the_Mask_(2006_film)" title="Behind the Mask (2006 film)">Behind the Mask</a></i> (2006)</li>

<li><i><a href="Your_Mommy_Kills_Animals" title="Your Mommy Kills Animals">Your Mommy Kills Animals</a></i> (2007)</li>

<li><i><a href="Peaceable_Kingdom%3A_The_Journey_Home" title="Peaceable Kingdom: The Journey Home">Peaceable Kingdom: The Journey Home</a></i> (2009)</li>

<li><i><a href="Forks_Over_Knives" title="Forks Over Knives">Forks Over Knives</a></i> (2011)</li>

<li><i><a href="Vegucated" title="Vegucated">Vegucated</a></i> (2011)</li>

<li><i><a href="An_Apology_to_Elephants" title="An Apology to Elephants">An Apology to Elephants</a></i> (2013)</li>

<li><i><a href="Speciesism%3A_The_Movie" title="Speciesism: The Movie">Speciesism: The Movie</a></i> (2013)</li>

<li><i><a href="The_Ghosts_in_Our_Machine" title="The Ghosts in Our Machine">The Ghosts in Our Machine</a></i> (2013)</li>

<li><i><a href="Unlocking_the_Cage" title="Unlocking the Cage">Unlocking the Cage</a></i> (2016)</li>

<li><i>Land of Hope and Glory</i> (2017)</li>

<li><i><a href="Carnage_(2017_film)" title="Carnage (2017 film)">Carnage</a></i> (2017)</li>

<li><i><a href="Dominion_(2018_film)" title="Dominion (2018 film)">Dominion</a></i> (2018)</li>

<li><i><a href="Seaspiracy" title="Seaspiracy">Seaspiracy</a></i> (2021)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periodicals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Journals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Animal_Sentience_(journal)" title="Animal Sentience (journal)">Animal Sentience</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Between_the_Species" title="Between the Species">Between the Species</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Cahiers_antisp%C3%A9cistes" title="Cahiers antispécistes">Cahiers antispécistes</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Etica_%26_Animali" title="Etica & Animali">Etica & Animali</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Journal_of_Animal_Ethics" title="Journal of Animal Ethics">Journal of Animal Ethics</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Relations._Beyond_Anthropocentrism" title="Relations. Beyond Anthropocentrism">Relations. Beyond Anthropocentrism</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Animals'_Defender" class="mw-redirect" title="The Animals' Defender">The Animals' Defender</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Magazines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Arkangel_(magazine)" title="Arkangel (magazine)">Arkangel</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Muutoksen_kev%C3%A4t" title="Muutoksen kevät">Muutoksen kevät</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="No_Compromise_(magazine)" title="No Compromise (magazine)">No Compromise</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Satya_(magazine)" title="Satya (magazine)">Satya</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_songs_about_animal_rights" title="List of songs about animal rights">Albums</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Animal_Liberation_(album)" title="Animal Liberation (album)">Animal Liberation</a></i> (1987)</li>

<li><i><a href="Tame_Yourself" title="Tame Yourself">Tame Yourself</a></i> (1991)</li>

<li><i><a href="Manifesto_(Deadlock_album)" title="Manifesto (Deadlock album)">Manifesto</a></i> (2008)</li>

<li><i><a href="Salvation_of_Innocents" title="Salvation of Innocents">Salvation of Innocents</a></i> (2014)</li>

<li><i><a href="Onward_to_Freedom" title="Onward to Freedom">Onward to Freedom</a></i> (2014)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fairs and exhibitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Holocaust_on_your_Plate" title="Holocaust on your Plate">Holocaust on your Plate</a></i> (2003)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category <small style="">( 138 )</small></li></ul>

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